Semen Braude
Semen Braude was born in Poltava in the family of a servant. He graduated from the labor school in 1925, and in 1927 - a vocational school and was qualified electrician. Five years later became a graduate of the Kharkov Physical-Mathematical Institute. During his studies at university S. Braude showed a tendency to teaching and to scientific work. As a student of third year, he taught mathematics, then physics at the Kharkov Machine-Building Institute. Following graduation he became an assistant professor of the University (1932), where he was involved in active teaching job until 1941.
Simultaneously, S. Braude was enthusiastically fond of research activities, science became a passion of his life. He
conducted basic scientific research in the field of microwave and radio wave propagation. Braude is the author of more than 80 scientific papers.
Semen Yakovlevich began his researching in 1933 under the guidance of Academician A. Slutskin at the Kharkov Physico-Technical Institute in the laboratory of electromagnetic radiation. Braude explained the laws of motion of electrons in electric and magnetic fields, taking into account the space charge, participated in the development of the world's first powerful many-magnetron microwave oscillations.
Semen Braude protected his degree in 1937. His studies of microwave oscillations in a magnetron multiresonant with record characteristics acquired from the beginning of the war the strategic importance. Generators of S. Braude used to create the world's first tri pulsed radar in 1938 in Kharkov. The invention was successfully tested at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Locator has been so effective that it included an air defense system in Moscow. Invention of S. Braude not only advanced warning of aircraft in the sky, but also gave precise coordinates for antiaircraft fire. For the special contribution to the protection of the capital Braude awarded the medal "For Defense of Moscow".
After the war Braude came to the Navy. The discovery of floating objects at this time was not easy, practically impossible due to reflection of radio waves from the water surface. In the open sea scientist moved on the boat of commander of the Baltic Fleet to the flagship cruiser, to carry out experiments on the propagation of radio waves over the surface of the raging sea. A civil coat and a hat of Braude gave rise to jokingly call him "Sea Professor". In Braude’s experiments were not only met the objectives for the operational use of marine radars, but also originated a new research direction in radio physics – radiography of the sea.
The pioneering work of Braude became classics in this sphere. His works proved the possibility of distance, on hundreds of kilometers, determination of the status of the water surface, the predictions of approaching storms. The major problems of maritime navigation and communications were resolved. In particular, was discovered the phenomenon of an anomalously low attenuation of microwave radio waves in the troposphere in deep shadow. For a series of scientific works in this field the brigade of scientists headed by Braude was awarded the Stalin Prize in 1952.
In 1950 S. Braude founded a new scientific direction – radiography of the ocean. Under his leadership were conducted
the first detailed study of propagation of ultra short waves on the sea in a direct line of sight and beyond the horizon, and the scattering of electromagnetic radiation rough sea surface. The scientists have discovered and validated the effect of long-range troposphere propagation of radio waves, the phenomenon of atmospheric waveguide. Established patterns of interaction characteristics of the scattered electromagnetic field with the properties of the sea surface in the future help to develop a new method for determining the proximity parameters of sea wave over long distances - a method of remote sounding.
In 1955 Braude and his friend and confederate A. Usykov organized the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (IRE), where in 1980 Braude took the post of deputy director for scientific part. Established Institute expands begun in UFTI studies in radiography of the ocean, new research directions. One of it is radio astronomy.
In the 1960's widespread recognition to Semen Yakovlevich brought his work, opened another line of investigation - decameter radio astronomy. Together with colleagues and students, he created the largest Radio astronomical system decameter, unique in its sensitivity and spatial resolution - radio telescope UTR-2 and interferometer URAN. With it help the results obtained a world-class: compiled the first catalog of cosmic sources of radiation decameter (more than 4000 discrete objects), the features of the unperturbed and sporadic solar radio emission, detected at interimpulse pulsar radiation and the number of new patterns in the distribution of radio sensitivity of extended entities.
Grand UTR-2, which is unparalleled, was launched in 1972 in the village Hrakove Zmiev region in Kharkov region; it still remains the most sensitive radio telescope decameter range in the world. Creating of radiointerferometrical system uranium from four decameter radio interferometers, located in Zmiev, near Poltava, near Odessa, Lvov and under division provided a record of objects on the celestial sphere in one arc second that is the same as in optical telescopes.
A major scientific breakthrough was the discovery of cosmic radiation of the first extremely low-frequency spectral lines of excited atoms of carbon, which opened up new possibilities in the diagnosis of the interstellar medium. S. 
Braude in solving some problems of astrophysics theoretically determined the effect of the combined action of synchrotron and thermal radiation, the effects of absorption in the ionized gas, the laws of synchrotron radiation facilities with large optical thickness.
Braude in 1985 based on radio astronomical sector IRE has created a new Institute of Radio Astronomy, Academy of Sciences of USSR, where he became head of the department. At this time his creative freedom has expanded even more - a new institution, in contrast to UFTI and IRE, almost not related to defense research and, respectively, with regime restrictions.
Openness of studies contributed to rapid growth of international cooperation Kharkov astronomers as far boundless space, in contrast to the near-Earth space, was not an arena of military confrontation superpowers. It is this fact proved salutary for the institution since 1991. Numerous foreign grants and participation in international programs of the Institute was able to survive the difficult post-perestroika times and now has real prospects for further development.
Scientific style of Braude is characterized by an integrated approach to problem solving, use of effective methods of experimentation, a deep theoretical justification issues, interpretation and generalization of research results. His work - is about 300 scientific works, among them 5 monographs, 15 reviews, and 10 inventor's certificates. More than 40 papers published in international scientific journals.
A lot of attention S. Braude paid to teaching, training of highly qualified personnel. For many years he had read the basic courses at Kharkov University, the Military Academy of L. Govorov, he headed the department of the Kharkov Polytechnic and Civil Engineering Institute, he was a professor at the Leningrad Institute of Communication Engineers of Railway Transport. He published series of popular science publications. Among students of S. Yakovlevich corresponding member of NAS of Ukraine A. Men and A. Konovalenko, 9 USSR State Prize and Ukraine, more than thirty candidates, seven doctors of science.
With the active participation of S. Braude of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine there were two institutions - the Institute of Radio Physics and Electronics (1955) and the Institute of Radio Astronomy (1985). For
many years he was deputy director of these institutions. Braude actively and successfully worked as an adviser to the Directorate of Radio Astronomy Institute, developed the concept of a strategy of further development of radio astronomy science in Ukraine.
Terrestrial path of S. Braude ended June 29, 2003. His bright life and outstanding achievements are examples for many generations. Institute of Radio Astronomy of NAS of Ukraine has become a world-class research institution, included in the active international cooperation in the field of radio astronomy and radio physics. Created on Ukrainian ground on the initiative and under the guidance of S. Braude largest Radio astronomy systems - telescopes UTR-2 and uranium - have great prospects of development and use. School of decameter radio astronomy, founded by S. Braude, is universally accepted in the scientific world. And further development of this school, and all that made during his creative life S. Braude and our fond memories of him - the best monument to this bright scientist, famous poltavite and the Man.
